A Little Iconography - Part Two: The Virtues Symbols of St. Dominic and Sixtus in SS. Domenico e Sisto
Palazzo Spada was built in the middle of the XVIth century and it was lavishly decorated by Giulio Mazzoni
a young scholar of Michelangelo. It provides interesting evidence of the cultural changes which where occurring during
the papacy of Julius III. The decoration of the courtyard is definitely a tribute to the ancient world: the stark naked statues of the Greek gods and the reliefs with several rather lascivious scenes are clear evidence of the prevailing culture during the Renaissance. Mazzoni portrayed Michelangelo as Hercules and maybe other personages in the other gods. However Cardinal Capodiferro did not consider it appropriate to decorate the façade in the same way and although the statues of Roman consuls and emperors are a reminder of the ancient world, the main element of the façade is the coat of arms of Pope Paulus III (1534-49) (later on replaced by the coat of arms of Cardinal Spada) flanked by the statues of two theological virtues, Faith and Charity. In the second half of the XVIth century the representation of Virtues gradually became more and more common while at the same time the portrayal of the pagan gods was regarded with suspicion and almost banned. The representation of Virtues was not uncommon in Renaissance paintings and sculptures and it followed
a traditional iconography which let the viewer understand which virtue was portrayed. In 1603 a book by Cesare Ripa,
a librarian employed by a Cardinal Salviati, set clear rules for the portrayal of Virtues and a host of other personifications, such as Time,
Love, the Seasons and the Months, the main rivers, the winds, etc. Ripa based his recommendations on extensive research of ancient sculptures, coins and medals. The book had small drawings attributed to il Cavalier d'Arpino, perhaps the most famous painter in Rome at the beginning
of the XVIIth century. Animals were often associated to a personification to make it understandable. A lamb was an easy to understand connotation of Humility and a dog of Faithfulness (see a statue of Faithfulness in S. Tommaso degli Inglesi), but we need to read Ripa's book to figure out why a unicorn is associated with Virginity: according to Ripa this fabulous animal was so shy that only a virgin could approach it. All in all the association works also in today's world, in the sense that both unicorns and virgins are very difficult to find. Most of the personifications were female characters. The personification of Time was a notable exception and provided a male alternative to the many Charity, Faith, Religion etc. who were portrayed in funerary monuments. Time was portrayed with wings, but they were not the wings of an angel, just a reference to the Latin maxim Volat irreparabile tempus (Time irreparably flies). The hourglass was an evident sign of time, while the compass had a more complex meaning as it hinted to the circle which has neither beginning nor end and thus was a reference to the eternity of Time. Very often the rules set for the portrayal of Virtues led to a repetitive design which makes the viewer believe he has already seen a certain sculpture or painting. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was able to create new ways to portray the Virtues while complying with the recommended iconography, or rather to use it to represent more common emotions. The Monument to Cardinal Pimentel in S. Maria sopra Minerva shows the cardinal (still a young man) in the act of praying and below him four Virtues: Charity, Strength, Religion and Justice: traditionally Justice was represented in the act of holding a balance, but Bernini who designed the monument but entrusted his associates with its execution, preferred to identify Justice through other attributes: the fact of being blindfolded (because Justice must not be influenced by the senses, but only rely on reason) and the fasces, the bundle of rods with projecting axe-blade, which in ancient Rome were carried before the magistrates. A putto deals with the fasces and Justice rather than being blindfolded just covers her eyes and we are left with an image of Justice, which appears to represent the very human portrait of a young widow and of her inconsolable grief. A few years later Filippo Carcani similarly gave to Religion a much more familiar aspect by having a putto holding the Bible and by reducing to a very small size the Cross, another attribute of Religion, which often was a gigantic one (see Religion by Antonio Canova). If an ancient Roman were to walk in Piazza Navona, he would surely identify the Danube in the statue of the river covering his head. This is because the Romans, as shown in a medal of Trajan quoted by Ripa, portrayed the Danube in such a way with a reference to its origin in the then impenetrable Black Forest in southern Germany. The Romans portrayed the Nile in a very triumphal way, lying on a sphinx and holding a cornucopia, a symbol of the valuable yields of Egypt. Bernini, who wanted to represent both rivers, preferred to switch the ancient iconography because the Danube, which in the XVIIth century was known as the river of Vienna, the seat of the Holy Roman Emperor, could no longer be shown in a mysterious and threatening way, so the Nile got the covered head and allowed Bernini to design his most Michelangelo-inspired statue. The image used as a background for this page shows a detail of Humility by Bartolomeo Pincellotti. An abridged version of Cesare Ripa's Iconologia was published in 1992 by Tascabili degli Editori Associati - Milan. Return to page one. See also my List of Baroque Architects and my Directory of Baroque Sculpture. Go to my Home
Page on Baroque Rome or to my Home Page on Rome
in the footsteps of an XVIIIth century traveller.
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